{"id":431,"date":"2015-10-18T10:27:06","date_gmt":"2015-10-18T14:27:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/foucault1313\/?p=431"},"modified":"2015-10-19T12:00:22","modified_gmt":"2015-10-19T16:00:22","slug":"foucault-413-psychiatric-power-biblio","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/foucault1313\/2015\/10\/18\/foucault-413-psychiatric-power-biblio\/","title":{"rendered":"Foucault 4\/13 Psychiatric Power: BIBLIO and a Walk into the Archives"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Bernard E. Harcourt, Daniele Lorenzini, and Jes\u00fas R. Velasco<\/strong><\/p>\n

Michel Foucault,\u00a0Le Pouvoir psychiatrique. Cours au\u00a0Coll\u00e8ge de France. 1973-1974,<\/em>\u00a0Jacques Lagrange, ed. (Gallimard\/Le Seuil, 2003)<\/p>\n

________________,\u00a0Psychiatric Power: Lectures at the Coll\u00e8ge de France, 1973-1974<\/em>, Graham Burchell, trans. (Picador, 2006)<\/p>\n

Book Reviews and videos regarding Foucault’s 1974 Lectures<\/span><\/p>\n

Nick Butler,\u00a0Ephemera. Theory and Politics in Organization<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(2006)<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Kamuran Godelek,\u00a0Metapsychology<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(2007)<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
John Iliopoulos,\u00a0Philosophy, Psychiatry & Psychology<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(2012)<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Tiffany Jones,\u00a0H-SAfrica<\/a>, H-Net Reviews\u00a0<\/em>(2007)<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Chris Philo,\u00a0Foucault Studies<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(2007)<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Nikolas Rose, “Mental Illness: Five Hard questions<\/a>“<\/div>\n
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<\/div>\n
A Walk into the Archive<\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

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The lectures engage a corpus of publications from a period that stretches from\u00a01798 to the 1870\u2019s. Genres include treatises, essays, m\u00e9moires<\/em>, pr\u00e9cis<\/em>, insights, inquiries, observations, etc. Many of them are part of a long debate among different authors throughout the nineteenth century, and by reading them one can observe some of the terms of the discussions that are going on in the terrain of \u201cinsanity\u201d, \u201cmelancholy\u201d, \u201cdelirium\u201d, \u201calienation\u201d, \u201cmadness\u201d. These treatises also contribute to establishing the vocabulary itself, the language, and even the style, which is very often that of a journal, an autobiographical account of experiences and inventions\u2014a science based on personal observation, tabulation of data, and creation of objects that serve the purpose of forcing the individuals to perform the activities they could not perform on their own (including, for instance, eating). Two other important elements common to many of those publications are: 1) The book<\/em> itself as an artifact; in it, plates, tables, and other graphic elements are central to the argumentation; 2) Most of those treatises are in conversation with juridical and legal innovations, and with the necessity to constitute a jurisprudential archive based on this new science that has its own artifacts and atrezzo<\/em>.<\/div>\n
Philippe Pinel (\u201cProfesseur de l\u2019\u00c9cole de M\u00e9decine de Paris, M\u00e9decin en chef de l\u2019Hospice National des femmes, ci-devant la Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, et Membre de plusieurs Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s savants\u201d) published his\u00a0Trait\u00e9 m\u00e9dico-philosophique sur l’ali\u00e9nation mentale ou la manie<\/a><\/u><\/em> in year 9 (1800-1801). It sports a small number of plates and tables. The plates, like the one on page 321<\/a>, show the external traits to recognize the \u201cshape of the crane\u201d and \u201cthe portraits of the alienated.\u201d Tables demonstrate, in short, that hospitals like Bic\u00eatre evidence a dramatic change in results that start showing in year 1 (as in the \u201cGeneral table regarding the alienated who were healed during the II Year of the Republic at the Hospice for the Alienated of Bic\u00eatre by using diets and physical exercice\u201d (between pages 249-250). As Pinel says in the introduction, there is no evidence that herbal treatment of mental illness can lead anywhere, and he suggests a refutation of those who have written the classical treatises about the \u201cdebate between gallenisme and a false chemistry, applied to medicine\u201d (xiv). Pinel\u2019s sections V (\u201cInternal police, and surveillance procedures to establish within the hospice\u201d) and VI \u201cPrinciples about the medical treatment of the alienated\u201d) are central to the question of body and soul, surveillance, physical behavior, etc.<\/div>\n
Pinel and John Haslam refer to each other. Pinel refers to the first edition of the Observations on Madness and Melancholy<\/em><\/a>. Including Practical Remarks on those Diseases; together with Cases: and an Account of the Morbid Appearances on Dissection<\/u><\/em>\u00a0<\/em>of 1798, and Haslam quotes Pinel\u2019s table on Bic\u00eatre\u2019s admissions (with one important modification, however, as he does not include years 1 and 2 of the Republic). We link to the second edition, the one in which Haslam quotes Pinel, \u201cconsiderably enlarged\u201d, and published in 1809. Haslam’s work abounds in cases (and the word \u201ccases\u201d occupies the central part on the cover of the book), because he was enormously interested in juridical issues and the constitution of a medical jurisprudence regarding the mentally ill, as we can see in his Medical Jurisprudence as it Relates to Insanity, according to the Law of England<\/a><\/em>, published in 1817, the same year as Fod\u00e9r\u00e9\u2019s Trait\u00e9 du d\u00e9lire<\/em><\/a> (definitely a year that constitutes a historical series of discursive events of which these books are only the tip of the iceberg). Haslam\u2019s Observations<\/em> sport the following epigraph, attributed to Johnson Rasselas: \u201cOf the uncertainty of our present state, the most dreadful and alarming is the uncertain continuance of reason\u201d, and they also include, apart for a rare discursive violence in narrating the cases, a plate on page 318 in which he shows the instrument invented by himself to force the mentally ill to eat: \u201cSince the use of this very simple and efficient instrument, which I constructed about twelve years ago, I can truly affirm that no patient has ever been deprived of a tooth, and that the food or remedy has always been conveyed into the stomach of the patient\u201d (319).<\/div>\n
Foucault also focuses on Fran\u00e7ois Emmanuel Fod\u00e9r\u00e9 (\u201cProfesseur de M\u00e9decine l\u00e9gale et de police m\u00e9dicale, \u00e0 la Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine de Strasbourg, et M\u00e9decin du Coll\u00e8ge Royal de la m\u00eame ville\u201d), and his\u00a0Trait\u00e9 du d\u00e9lire, appliqu\u00e9 \u00e0 la M\u00e9dicine, \u00e0 la Morale, et \u00e0 la L\u00e9gislation<\/em><\/a> (and in particular volume 2<\/a>), which\u00a0was published by Croullebois, who worked for the Society of Medicine and the General Direction of Mines in 1817. This book was crucial for all the other treatises, and is quoted throughout the century. Its juridical and legal importance will be discussed by the rest of doctors and reformers during the nineteenth century. His comparative tables on pages 585-593 of volume 1 cover most of Europe (that is, England, Germany, and France!). Chapter 5 of the second volume, pages 489-540, on the rules on how to recognize the existence or non-existence of insanity, either temporary or permanent, are central to the juridical discourse and the judicialization of mental illness (as mental illness leads to the exclusion of the individual from juridical rights).<\/div>\n
Foucault also gives especial importance to E. Esquirol (\u201cM\u00e9decin en chef de la Maison Royale des Ali\u00e9n\u00e9s de Charenton, Ancien Inspecteur G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l\u2019Universit\u00e9, Membre de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie Royale de M\u00e9decine, etc.\u201d), and his\u00a0Des maladies mentales<\/em><\/a>, consid\u00e9r\u00e9es sous les rapports medical, hygi\u00e9nique et medico-l\u00e9gal<\/u><\/em>,<\/u>\u00a0<\/em>published by J.-B. Bailli\u00e8re in 1838 and it comes with 27 planches, and preceded by a complete, almost overwhelming, analytical table (something unusual in this kind of books). He collects reflections, \u201cm\u00e9moires,\u201d and cases from the last forty years, and gives the date for each of the chapters. The first one, for instance, corresponds to 1816. The book needs to be read as well from a rhetorical perspective, as the style changes throughout those forty years in ways that would need further research. Most of the “planche” are tables including data that conveys both absolute numbers and a catalogue of professions and lifestyles that could be part of Borges\u2019s Emperor\u2019s catalogue (cf. for instance, page 45, vol. 1). The book was translated in English in 1845<\/a>.<\/div>\n
The archive is much larger, and much more complex. As Foucault puts it, his research must provide, as well, pistes de recherche<\/em>. A walk into the archive gives an idea of the depth and breadth of those pistes<\/em>.<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Bernard E. Harcourt, Daniele Lorenzini, and Jes\u00fas R. Velasco Michel Foucault,\u00a0Le Pouvoir psychiatrique. Cours au\u00a0Coll\u00e8ge de France. 1973-1974,\u00a0Jacques Lagrange, ed. (Gallimard\/Le Seuil, 2003) ________________,\u00a0Psychiatric Power: Lectures at the Coll\u00e8ge de France, 1973-1974, Graham Burchell, trans. (Picador, 2006) Book Reviews… Continue Reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1641,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[38936,38938],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-431","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-featured2","category-foucault-413"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/foucault1313\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/431","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/foucault1313\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/foucault1313\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/foucault1313\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1641"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/foucault1313\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=431"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/foucault1313\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/431\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/foucault1313\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=431"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/foucault1313\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=431"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/foucault1313\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=431"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}