{"id":6859,"date":"2020-04-29T12:44:09","date_gmt":"2020-04-29T17:44:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/?p=6859"},"modified":"2020-04-29T12:45:05","modified_gmt":"2020-04-29T17:45:05","slug":"its-time-for-a-carbon-tax-now","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/2020\/04\/29\/its-time-for-a-carbon-tax-now\/","title":{"rendered":"It\u2019s Time for a Carbon Tax\u2014Now"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>

Guest blog by\u00a0Andrew Ratzkin*<\/em><\/p>\n

The time for a carbon tax is now.\u00a0 The coronavirus hasn\u2019t just created the opportunity; it\u2019s created the imperative.<\/p>\n

The Imperative<\/u>.\u00a0 State budgets are in crisis.\u00a0 Revenues\u2014whether derived from sales taxes, individual and corporate income taxes, capital gains, dividends, tolls, airport fees, mass transit fares, hotel stays, casinos, real estate transactions, you name it\u2014are in free fall.\u00a0 While expenses\u2014health care, procurement of medical equipment like ventilators, masks and gowns, unemployment insurance, police overtime, national guard deployments, emergency services, and more\u2014are exploding.<\/p>\n

Already draconian cuts to essential services like education and Medicaid\u2014in the middle of a healthcare crisis, no less\u2014are planned because, unlike the Federal government, states cannot run deficits.\u00a0 States need new revenue sources, and fast. \u00a0In New York, Governor Cuomo recently projected the impending budget gap to grow to $15 billion after all the coronavirus bills come due, potentially requiring a 50% cut in education and other spending if lost revenue is not replaced.[1]\u00a0 The prospect of the Federal government filling this void seems doubtful at best.<\/p>\n

State-level or regional carbon taxes could be an important part of the answer.\u00a0 By one calculation, a state tax of, say, $35 per ton of carbon emissions, could raise approximately $4.4 billion per year for New York[2]\u2014not the entire answer, but potentially a big part of the solution.\u00a0 Until recently, many advocates favored revenue-neutral carbon taxes\u2014meaning that proceeds would be returned to taxpayers by rebate or other offsets; that policy and political calculus has now been superseded by events.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

The Opportunity<\/u>.\u00a0 The price of crude oil recently fell to the historically unprecedented and previously unfathomable price of negative <\/em>$37 per barrel for May delivery[3] (essentially because demand is so low and the glut so large that there is little-to-no remaining capacity even to transport or store the product).\u00a0 For June delivery, as of this writing, the U.S. price was under $13\u2014back in positive territory, but still at a level unseen since 1999.[4]\u00a0 (That\u2019s for the nominal price; to find an inflation-adjusted price comparable to today, you\u2019d have to look back before 1946, when standard crude oil price history tables begin.)\u00a0 To put it mildly, there is now all sorts of room to slot in a carbon tax that would be barely detectable at the pump.\u00a0 A carbon tax of $35 per ton (roughly the social cost of carbon emissions calculated by the EPA for 2015[5]), would translate into in a price increase of approximately $15 per barrel[6] (about 27 cents per gallon of gas); assuming a June 2020 delivery price of $13, that would bring the total cost per barrel to $28.\u00a0 The last time crude oil was $28, back in 2003, gasoline prices were approximately $1.50 per gallon.[7]<\/p>\n

During the coronavirus crisis, carbon emissions have fallen precipitously\u2014perhaps 5% globally,[8] with carbon and other fossil fuel emissions down perhaps even more in New York City.[9]\u00a0 While these drops are generally viewed as temporary and expected to reverse when the economy returns to \u201cnormal,\u201d a carbon tax offers the opportunity to structurally lock in some of these emissions gains for the long term. Carbon pricing has long been viewed by many economists and other policy experts as the keystone strategy for reducing carbon emissions. \u00a0It could also provide a source of funding for needed infrastructure investments and to support vulnerable populations at risk in the gathering economic crisis.<\/p>\n

As bad as it is, the coronavirus will someday be behind us.\u00a0 The climate crisis, on the other hand, still lies largely ahead, and its impacts will be severe and enduring.\u00a0 If the coronavirus has taught us anything it is the value of planning and preparedness, the superiority, and cost effectiveness, of dealing with a crisis in advance as opposed to waiting for it to crash upon us.\u00a0 (And perhaps in the aftermath of the coronavirus, we will be more receptive to scientific modeling and evidence.)\u00a0 We have an opportunity to seize this moment to lock in emissions reductions, one of the very few benefits of the current crisis, and put fossil fuel pollution on a long-term downward trajectory.<\/p>\n

The onset of the coronavirus, just like the Great Depression, is accelerating the consideration of many policy ideas that were until quite recently considered to be outside the \u201cOverton Window\u201d\u2014as political scientists term the prevailing accepted range of debate.\u00a0 Taxing carbon was once considered by some to be too drastic to consider.\u00a0 The question now is, too drastic in comparison to what?\u00a0 In comparison to cutting school funding by 50%?\u00a0 To resuming uncontrolled emissions?\u00a0 The window is open, and the time has come.<\/p>\n

_____________<\/p>\n

*Andrew Ratzkin, an energy sector lawyer, was recently appointed to the Westchester County Climate Smart Communities Task Force.<\/p>\n

[1] https:\/\/www.wivb.com\/news\/new-york\/governor-warns-of-severe-budget-cuts<\/a>\/.<\/p>\n

[2]https:\/\/gelfny.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/NYSCarbonTaxWhiltePaper.pdf<\/u><\/a>(see p.13).<\/p>\n

[3]https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2020-04-19\/oil-drops-to-18-year-low-on-global-demand-crunch-storage-woes?srnd=green<\/u><\/a>.<\/p>\n

[4]https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/1369\/crude-oil-price-history-chart<\/u><\/a>.<\/p>\n

[5]https:\/\/19january2017snapshot.epa.gov\/climatechange\/social-cost-carbon_.html<\/u><\/a>.<\/p>\n

[6]John Horowitz, Julie-Anne Cronin, Hannah Hawk, Office of Tax Analysis, Working Paper 115, Methodology for Analyzing a Carbon Tax (Jan. 2017), https:\/\/www.treasury.gov\/resource-center\/tax-policy\/tax-analysis\/Documents\/WP-115.pdf<\/u><\/a>, at 7, Table 1; see also https:\/\/www.resourcesmag.org\/common-resources\/calculating-various-fuel-prices-under-a-carbon-tax\/<\/u><\/a>(calculator for translating carbon taxes to fuel prices).<\/p>\n

[7]https:\/\/inflationdata.com\/Inflation\/Inflation_Rate\/Gasoline_vs_Oil_Price_Chart.asp<\/u><\/a>(comparison); https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/1369\/crude-oil-price-history-chart<\/u><\/a>(crude); https:\/\/tradingeconomics.com\/commodity\/crude-oil<\/u><\/a>(crude); https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/204740\/reta(55il-price-of-gasoline-in-the-united-states-since-1990\/<\/u><\/a>(gasoline); https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/eere\/vehicles\/fact-915-march-7-2016-average-historical-annual-gasoline-pump-price-1929-2015<\/u><\/a>(gasoline).<\/p>\n

[8]https:\/\/uk.reuters.com\/article\/uk-health-coronavirus-emissions\/coronavirus-could-trigger-biggest-fall-in-carbon-emissions-since-world-war-two-idUKKBN21L0KC?il=0<\/u><\/a>(5%); https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/coronavirus-liv<\/u><\/a>e-updates\/2020\/04\/14\/834295861\/carbon-emissions-are-falling-but-still-not-enough-scientists-say (4%); https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2020\/apr\/12\/global-carbon-emisions-could-fall-by-record-25bn-tonnes-in-2020<\/u><\/a>(5%).<\/p>\n

[9]https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/science-environment-51944780<\/u><\/a>(quoting R\u00f3is\u00edn Commane, Columbia).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Guest blog by\u00a0Andrew Ratzkin* The time for a carbon tax is now.\u00a0 The coronavirus hasn\u2019t just created the opportunity; it\u2019s created the imperative. 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