{"id":6737,"date":"2020-02-19T14:55:43","date_gmt":"2020-02-19T19:55:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/?p=6737"},"modified":"2020-02-19T15:06:02","modified_gmt":"2020-02-19T20:06:02","slug":"bushfire-and-fury-calls-for-the-sending-of-additional-us-firefighting-resources-to-australia-cited-international-arrangement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/2020\/02\/19\/bushfire-and-fury-calls-for-the-sending-of-additional-us-firefighting-resources-to-australia-cited-international-arrangement\/","title":{"rendered":"Bushfire and Fury: Calls for the sending of additional US firefighting resources to Australia cited international arrangement"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>

By<\/em>\u00a0Madeline Cameron Wardleworth<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Photo: National Interagency Fire Center<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

To Australian eyes, the deplaning of US firefighters in Sydney in January 2020 felt like watching the Avengers arrive at a battle scene.\u00a0 Our battle scene this summer has looked apocalyptic, with the bushfire crisis having refashioned the Australian landscape to be a kangaroo-corpse infected iteration of Dante\u2019s <\/span>Inferno<\/span><\/i>.\u00a0 Providing direct support to the crisis is currently the <\/span>Australian Defence Force\u2019s main effort<\/span><\/a>, over <\/span>1 billion animals<\/span><\/a> have likely been killed, and, on New Year\u2019s Day, one monitoring site in the nation\u2019s capital, Canberra, peaked at an <\/span>air quality index reading of 7,700<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0 Readings above 200 are considered hazardous to health.\u00a0 Against this backdrop, there is, as former Australian <\/span>Prime Minister Kevin Rudd has noted<\/span><\/a>: \u2018<\/span>the helplessness we feel as we sit, watch and wait. Often the best we can do is stay glued to the ABC, ring people we know in harm\u2019s way, and then give to charity<\/span><\/i>.\u2019\u00a0 Perhaps that\u2019s partially why, then, that when the all-American Avengers arrived in Sydney, <\/span>applause erupted in the airport<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0 There\u2019s something viscerally relieving and gratitude-inducing about the arrival of skilled firefighting resources.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

History\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

Long have US fire managers had exchanges with Australia.\u00a0 Cooperative efforts <\/span>began in 1951<\/span><\/a>, with a six-week study tour that the UN Food and Agriculture Organization organized.\u00a0 In 2000, the US\u2019 fire situation reached a critical level. <\/span>Given the informal study group exchange relationship<\/span><\/a>, the US requested assistance from Australia and New Zealand.\u00a0 There was no formal agreement in place to facilitate this request, so an international agreement was <\/span>urgently developed<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0 Shortly thereafter, <\/span>Australian and New Zealand firefighters\u2019 maiden voyage<\/span><\/a> to fight fires on American soil took place.\u00a0 In 2002, a new arrangement <\/span>was signed<\/span>.\u00a0 In January 2017, the <\/span>US Consulate<\/span><\/a> Canberra Charg\u00e9 d\u2019Affaires and Emergency Management Australia Director General <\/span>signed<\/span><\/a> a replacement, the <\/span>Arrangement between the Department of Agriculture and the Department of the Interior of the United States, on the one side, and Emergency Management Australia, on the other side, concerning the exchange of Wildland Fire Management Resources <\/span><\/i>(<\/span>Arrangement<\/b><\/a>) (which is on occasion referred to as an agreement).\u00a0 The Arrangement\u2019s dual purposes are to set out the procedure for the exchange of wildland fire management resources between the countries and to establish a framework encouraging their agencies, the US Departments of Agriculture and the Interior and Emergency Management Australia, to support mutual assistance and facilitate cooperation. <\/span>\u00a0It provides for the preparation of an operating plan.\u00a0 T<\/span>he <\/span>US Consulate Canberra later noted<\/span><\/a>, \u2018<\/span>[T]he two countries share best practices, personnel, and technology and equipment to combat wildland fires under the 2017 Wildland Fire Management Agreement<\/span><\/i>.\u2019\u00a0 This sharing is sensible given that there is <\/span>no overarching international legal framework<\/span><\/a> dealing with international cooperation in preparing for and responding to wildfires and because the fire seasons between the two hemispheres are <\/span>complementary<\/span><\/a> (they are, notably, <\/span>beginning to overlap<\/span><\/a>).\u00a0 Moreover, the US and Australia use interchangeable <\/span>methods and doctrine<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0 The most recent fire assistance exchange occurred in August 2018, when Australia sent wildfire management personnel to assist in Northern California and the Northwest.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

2019 – 2020 deployment<\/b><\/p>\n

The Arrangement is the basis upon which US firefighters have been arriving in Australia.\u00a0 AFAC (Australasian Fire and Emergency Service Authorities Council), the National Council for Fire and Emergency Services, first requested US assistance in late November 2019.\u00a0 As of January 7 2020, the US had intermittently deployed more than 159 personnel to Australia; as of February 10 2020, <\/span>298 US personnel have been assigned<\/span><\/a> to Australia to date.\u00a0 <\/span>Deployments are based<\/span> on AFAC requests.\u00a0 <\/span>AFAC\u2019s National Resource Sharing Centre<\/span><\/a> (<\/span>NRSC<\/b>)<\/span> coordinates resource requests<\/span><\/a> from fire and emergency service agencies.\u00a0 The NRSC represents Australia\u2019s jurisdictional chiefs and commissioners, who know the operations needs of their state\/territory, and who make the requests for resources to the NRSC.\u00a0 On the US end, the National Multi-Agency Coordinating Group collaborates with the <\/span>National Interagency Coordination Center<\/span><\/a> based at the National Interagency Fire Center, to mobilize resources and <\/span>distribute assistance requests across interagency partners<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Public engagement regarding US assistance<\/b><\/p>\n

In December and January of this Australian fire season, frustrations with the resourcing of the bushfire response were palpable and pronounced on <\/span>television<\/span><\/a> and Twitter alike.\u00a0 US journalist and former political consultant Dr Naomi Wolf, who found<\/span>ed <\/span>Daily Clout<\/span><\/a>, a legislative database and citizen journalism organisation, saw on social media, a \u2018<\/span>lot of passionate interest<\/span><\/i>\u2019 in Australia\u2019s response to firefighting assistance offers, and noted that \u2018<\/span>people seem very aware<\/span><\/i>\u2019 of the formalized firefighting resource sharing relationship.\u00a0 Daily Clout is non partisan. So, Dr Wolf states, \u2018<\/span>we follow where citizens lead.<\/span><\/i>\u2019\u00a0 <\/span>She located US – Australia materials while following news reports:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

I was baffled because I saw that there had been a hundred firefighters from the US who arrived in Australia, and then I looked at international help for the Northern California fires because I think I probably had had a memory that there had been some international help for us \u2026 and there I saw that indeed there had been Australian firefighters \u2026 knowing what I do about how governments work and about how aid works \u2026 you can\u2019t just show up \u2026 So I am sure I just googled US – Australia firefighting agreement.\u00a0 I didn\u2019t know that there was one. I just knew that the way governments work there has to be something formalized, some document. So, then I found that agreement.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Dr Wolf notes that she got wind of the likelihood of a documented regime c\/o California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection.\u00a0 Their Twitter handle, @CAL_FIRE, had <\/span>tweeted<\/span><\/a>:<\/span><\/p>\n

While we are ready to lend our support at any moment, it is strategically vital that we do not self-deploy and that we work within the international aide system.\u00a0 When there is an international request for assistance, the federal government receives that request and they disperse those requests throughout the nation to various federal agencies first.\u00a0 When and if the federal government is not able to fill all of the requests they then reach out to local government agencies across the nation to continue to fill those requests.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

On January 6 2020, Dr Wolf phoned Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison\u2019s offices.\u00a0 The call, <\/span>live streamed on YouTube<\/span><\/a>, culminated with her asking a member of his media team:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Did he [Morrison] call Trump, will he call Trump, will he request all the help needed per the firefighting agreement …?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

The scale of help is addressed on the <\/span>National Interagency Fire Center\u2019s website<\/span><\/a>:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Q. Why aren’t we sending more people?\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

A. Before resources are sent to Australia, we must have an official request from the Australian Fire and Emergency Service Authorities Council.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Dr Wolf states that Australians reaching out to her on social media did not have a fixed number in mind:\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

I think that Australians want the fires to be fought with every tool and people\u2019s general understanding is that includes firefighters, which the agreement provides for, and equipment \u2026 They want everything that can be done to save these precious animals, precious homes, precious humans \u2026\u00a0 And they don\u2019t understand why help has not been accepted.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Evaluating assistance<\/b><\/p>\n

The inquiry as to the mobilizing of international aid extends beyond the Australia – US relationship.\u00a0 The calling up of <\/span>other nation-states\u2019 assistance<\/span><\/a> has been <\/span>called into question<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0 In a statement issued on January 17 2020, <\/span>AFAC stated<\/span><\/a> that \u2018<\/span>[C]urrent firefighting needs are being supported through pre-existing international arrangements<\/span><\/i>\u2019 (the <\/span>US, Canada, and New Zealand having sent support<\/span><\/a>).\u00a0 Crucially, Australian\u2019s bushfire defence is <\/span>reliant upon volunteer firefighters<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0 (Consider that New South Wales\u2019s Rural Fire Service is the largest volunteer fire service in the world, with more than <\/span>72,000 members<\/span><\/a>).\u00a0 Volunteer firefighters <\/span>identify more volunteers as one resource they are in need of<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0 And Australian volunteer firefighters have died in service this fire season.\u00a0 Mid-January, AFAC\u2019s <\/span>stated position<\/span><\/a>, however, was that <\/span>\u2018the generosity of international firefighting agencies means no additional firefighters are needed at this time<\/span><\/i>.\u2019\u00a0 This tension animated the argument for greater international assistance.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Australian appreciation<\/b><\/p>\n

On January 23 2020, an aircraft tanker dropping retardant on fire in New South Wales crashed, killing the three American crew on board.\u00a0 Ian McBeth, Paul Hudson, and Rick DeMorgan, Jr <\/span>were private contractors<\/span><\/a> with Coulson Aviation, a Canadian company that owned and operated the air tanker.\u00a0 Their deaths are a devastating reminder of the stakes in firefighting. Flags flew at half mast, including two on Sydney Harbour Bridge.\u00a0 Three koalas being cared for and housed at the Australian National University that were found in the same region as the crash <\/span>have been named after the men<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0 The extent to which the Arrangement was mobilized to enable rapid deployment of crisis scale-appropriate firefighting resources is questionable.\u00a0 Australian gratitude towards American firefighting Avengers, including their contractor counterparts, <\/span>is not<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Madeline Cameron Wardleworth is a legal research and policy consultant.\u00a0 She graduated from Columbia Law School as a James Kent scholar in 2018, and was a Postdoctoral Research Scholar at Columbia Law from 2018 to 2019.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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