{"id":2727,"date":"2014-08-07T09:34:22","date_gmt":"2014-08-07T14:34:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/?p=2727"},"modified":"2014-08-07T09:36:45","modified_gmt":"2014-08-07T14:36:45","slug":"in-sandys-wake-big-u-promises-lower-manhattan-upped-coastal-protection","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/2014\/08\/07\/in-sandys-wake-big-u-promises-lower-manhattan-upped-coastal-protection\/","title":{"rendered":"In Sandy\u2019s Wake, BIG U Promises Lower Manhattan Upped Coastal Protection"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>

By Isabelle Aubrun, CCCL Intern (Brown University)<\/p>\n

\"8139657077_bfce5f6c04_z\"<\/a>In 2013, President Obama\u2019s Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Task Force devised the Rebuild by Design Competition<\/em>.\u00a0 Applicants were to design a \u201cfundable and implementable\u201d infrastructure project to mitigate the dangers of rising sea levels and increasingly frequent extreme weather events in New York and New Jersey coastal regions.\u00a0 In early June 2014, the United States Department of Housing and Development (HUD) announced the six winners.[1]\u00a0 The most ambitious of the project winners is the \u201cBIG U,\u201d which would circle around 10 continuous miles of Lower Manhattan shoreline, using a mix of natural and physical infrastructure to protect the city\u2019s most vulnerable stretch of coast.\u00a0 HUD Phase 1 funding for the project will be $335 million, the largest Rebuild by Design<\/em> award.\u00a0 The Lower East Side section of the BIG U promises integrated flood protection and upgraded \u201csocial infrastructure,\u201d such as parks and walkways, for an area that suffered extensive damage from Sandy.<\/p>\n

On October 29, 2012, waters from Sandy surged into Lower Manhattan, upsetting vital city infrastructure.\u00a0 South of 34th<\/sup> Street, the City experienced an extended power outage; schools were closed for many days; mail delivery was interrupted; hospitals were compromised; and roads, tunnels and telecommunications facilities were damaged. According to the City\u2019s 2013 A Stronger, More Resilient New York<\/em> Report, Lower Manhattan is particularly vulnerable to future threats of rising sea level and severe weather.\u00a0 Since 1609, much of Lower Manhattan\u2019s coastline has been built on landfill extended into the harbor. This low-lying, landfill-based coast has made the area particularly vulnerable to the sort of severe flooding it suffered during Sandy.[2]<\/p>\n

Fifty-eight percent of all residential units affected by Sandy in Manhattan were on the Lower East Side.\u00a0 Those neighborhoods are more densely packed than the citywide average, and have the city\u2019s largest concentration of low- and moderate-income residents, many residing in the approximately 9,000 New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) public housing units in the area.<\/p>\n

In A Stronger, More Resilient New York<\/em>, the City analyzed the damage and presented a sketch of how to fortify New York against future disaster.\u00a0 In 2013, the BIG Team \u2013 comprised of design firms from around the world and led by Jeremy Siegel of the Bjarke-Ingels Group \u2013 picked up where the Stronger, More Resilient New York<\/em> report left off.<\/p>\n

The BIG Team sought to aid the City in planning for future resiliency while also accommodating future growth.[3] And more practically, the team had to consider how best to protect residents from flooding without walling communities off from the East River.\u00a0 Siegel\u2019s team used the Stronger, More Resilient New York<\/em> report as a roadmap for its project, consulting it for known vulnerabilities and suggested protections.\u00a0 Although many called for a giant floodgate at Manhattan\u2019s harbor in Sandy\u2019s aftermath, the SIRR report found that targeted, small-scale solutions would be more feasible and offer more robust protection.[4] According to City officials, the BIG U will be part of a larger effort to fortify New York City against future severe weather and sea level rise.<\/p>\n

The Big U is only one project that has been proposed to protect the southern part of Manhattan from future sea level rise and other climate-related events.\u00a0 Much larger and more ambitious is \u201cSeaport City,\u201d since re-named the \u201cSouthern Manhattan Multi-Purpose Levee.\u201d It is a long-term project devised by former Mayor Bloomberg\u2019s administration \u2013 a development built on landfill that would shield inland neighborhoods from flooding, raised 19 feet high and extending 500 feet into the East River. In May 2014, the engineering firm ARCADIS conducted a feasibility study at the recommendation of the Stronger, More Resilient New York<\/em> Report, concluding the project was technically, legally and financially feasible, and would accomplish the stated goals of long-term flood protection.\u00a0 The Multi-Purpose Levee, to be built south of the Lower East Side section of the BIG U, would mix commercial and residential development with flood protection.[5]<\/p>\n

Because the BIG U fleshes out a vision already expressed by the City\u2019s leadership and strengthened through the input of Lower East Side community members, it was a logical choice for the HUD award.\u00a0 The first expenditures from the $335 million will go towards further planning for the stretch of the BIG U that runs from East 23 Street down to Montgomery Street, which lies in between the Manhattan and Williamsburg Bridges along the East River; the need for further funding for implementation is anticipated.\u00a0 This land is largely controlled by the New York City Parks Department and New York City Department of Transportation, which should facilitate the implementation and permitting process.\u00a0 Siegel says this section of the BIG U will have the most \u2018bang for the buck,\u2019 because it aims to protect such a densely packed area.<\/p>\n

The BIG U is described as being a composite, comprised of \u201cseparate but coordinated\u201d protective elements. \u201cThe Bridging Berm\u201d part of the project will create vertical protection from anticipated storm surge and rising sea levels.\u00a0 Laura Starr, who formerly worked as the chief landscape architect for Central Park, proposed that the shore in the Lower East Side section of the BIG U be redesigned to have a more \u2018Olmsteadian\u2019 dynamic \u2013 a hilly, natural-looking landscape composed of diverse, salt-resistant vegetation to act as natural barriers.\u00a0 This would create green space, waterfront access, and bike paths along the East River Park for community-members\u2019 enjoyment.<\/p>\n

The other key feature of this section of the BIG U will be its deployable flood protection walls.\u00a0 Attached to the elevated FDR Drive, these releasable walls can be flipped down in the event of a storm to prevent storm surge from rushing inland.\u00a0 AEA Consulting, a New York City-based cultural consulting firm, proposed engaging local artists to decorate the panels\u2019 undersides \u2013 they can serve as a colorful overhang for the walkway under the FDR when raised, and unique siding for an indoor space or market when lowered in wintertime.\u00a0 The larger proposed \u201cU\u201d is likewise comprised of many distinct flood protection strategies, with segments that wind around Manhattan\u2019s lower half to create flood protection, a strengthened coastal landscape for public enjoyment, and a well-protected downtown Manhattan to allow for future growth. \u00a0\u00a0Further images of the preliminary design are available here (make hyperlink https:\/\/www.rebuildbydesign.org\/project\/big-team-final-proposal\/)<\/p>\n

In order to maximize the benefits of the project, the BIG Team collaborated both with New York City officials and community-members.\u00a0 Lilah Mejia is Disaster Relief Coordinator for Good Old Lower East Side (GOLES), a neighborhood housing and preservation organization.\u00a0 In December 2013, the BIG Team approached Mejia in the hopes of working with her and Lower East Side (LES) Ready, a coalition of community groups that formed following Sandy to coordinate disaster preparedness, and to solicit community members\u2019 input on the project.\u00a0 Residents expressed the desire for upgraded parks and, when consulted on the level of flood protection, insisted they didn\u2019t want to be walled off from the coast.\u00a0\u00a0 There is hope in the community that a percentage of construction jobs for the project will go to local residents, although the details of such an arrangement are a long way off.<\/p>\n

So what comes next?\u00a0 According to various designers on the BIG Team, many of whom continue to work on a plan for the first section of the BIG U, the project\u2019s timeline going forward isn\u2019t quite clear.\u00a0 Mayor de Blasio and Governor Cuomo, who were both present when HUD announced HUD\u2019s Phase 1 funding in June, have said that they want tangible results within three to four years.\u00a0 HUD is expected to publish an announcement in the Federal Register that will designate New York City as the grantee of the $335 million and outline the conditions for funding.\u00a0 The City will then devise an action plan, submit it for a period of public comment, make adjustments, expect to receive final HUD approval for the actual project designs, and begin construction sustained by further funding.\u00a0 Those closely involved with the project \u2013 both the designers and the City representatives \u2013 acknowledge that the implementation of the Lower East Side compartment of the BIG U will necessarily be a dynamic process.<\/p>\n

Currently, the BIG U uses sea level rise projections for 2050 and a 100-year storm frequency for mixed use and residential neighborhoods as the agreed-upon degree of acceptable risk.\u00a0 This level of stringency was determined by the City following Sandy, and refined in conversation with the Lower East Side communities that will benefit from defensive infrastructure.\u00a0 There is not universal agreement, however, on whether that standard is sufficiently protective. Klaus Jacob, a member of the Rebuild by Design Research Advisory Board, expressed concern in his recent Next City<\/em> Op-Ed that current protective levels aren\u2019t stringent enough and will need to be updated too soon after they are built to make the project cost effective.[6]\u00a0 Some City officials\u00a0 nevertheless say they are confident that the BIG U\u2019s Lower East Side compartment is being designed to be adaptable in the future and maintains that it has taken a very long-term view of the project \u2013 as New York City\u2019s vulnerabilities evolve, so too will its protective measures.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1] Patrick Rodenbush, \u201cHUD Announces Winning Proposals From the \u2018Rebuild by Design\u2019 Competition.\u2019 US\u00a0 Department of Housing and Urban Development. [Press Release]. June 2, 214.<\/p>\n

https:\/\/portal.hud.gov\/hudportal\/HUD?src=\/press\/press_releases_media_advisories\/2014\/HUDNo_14-063<\/a><\/p>\n

[2] The City of New York, \u201cA Stronger, More Resilient New York.\u201d 11 June 2013. https:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/html\/sirr\/html\/report\/report.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n

[3] Bjarke-Ingels Group, \u201cThe BIG U Project Data \u2013 Rebuild by Design.\u201d\u00a0 [Press Release]. 21 March 2014. https:\/\/big.dk\/press\/hud_224<\/a><\/p>\n

[4] \u201cA Stronger, More Resilient New York.\u201d<\/p>\n

[5] ARCADIS, \u201cSouthern Manhattan Coastal Protection Study: Evaluating the Feasibility of a Multi-Purpose Levee,\u201d New York City Economic Development Corporation, available at https:\/\/www.nycedc.com\/sites\/default\/files\/filemanager\/Projects\/Seaport_City\/Southern_Manhattan_Coastal_Protection_Study_-_Evaluating_the_Feasibility_of_a_Multi-Purpose_Levee.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

[6] Klaus Jacob. \u201cClimate Scientist: Manhattan Will Need \u2018Venice-Like Canals\u2019 to Stop Flooding.\u201d Next City<\/em>. 25 June 2014.\u00a0 https:\/\/nextcity.org\/daily\/entry\/climate-scientist-manhattan-needs-venice-like-canals-flooding<\/a><\/p>\n

Image source<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Isabelle Aubrun, CCCL Intern (Brown University) In 2013, President Obama\u2019s Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Task Force devised the Rebuild by Design Competition.\u00a0 Applicants were to design a \u201cfundable and implementable\u201d infrastructure project to mitigate the dangers of rising sea levels and increasingly frequent extreme weather events in New York and New Jersey coastal regions.\u00a0 In […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1327,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5672,9412,5679],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-2727","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-adaptation","7":"category-hud","8":"category-municipal-activity","9":"czr-hentry"},"yoast_head":"\nIn Sandy\u2019s Wake, BIG U Promises Lower Manhattan Upped Coastal Protection - Climate Law Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/2014\/08\/07\/in-sandys-wake-big-u-promises-lower-manhattan-upped-coastal-protection\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"In Sandy\u2019s Wake, BIG U Promises Lower Manhattan Upped Coastal Protection - Climate Law Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By Isabelle Aubrun, CCCL Intern (Brown University) In 2013, President Obama\u2019s Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Task Force devised the Rebuild by Design Competition.\u00a0 Applicants were to design a \u201cfundable and implementable\u201d infrastructure project to mitigate the dangers of rising sea levels and increasingly frequent extreme weather events in New York and New Jersey coastal regions.\u00a0 In […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/2014\/08\/07\/in-sandys-wake-big-u-promises-lower-manhattan-upped-coastal-protection\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Climate Law Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2014-08-07T14:34:22+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2014-08-07T14:36:45+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/files\/2014\/08\/8139657077_bfce5f6c04_z-300x199.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Akiko Shimizu\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@sabincenter\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@sabincenter\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Akiko Shimizu\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/2014\\\/08\\\/07\\\/in-sandys-wake-big-u-promises-lower-manhattan-upped-coastal-protection\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/2014\\\/08\\\/07\\\/in-sandys-wake-big-u-promises-lower-manhattan-upped-coastal-protection\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Akiko Shimizu\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/d807a780f948d4432f48f9870922570e\"},\"headline\":\"In Sandy\u2019s Wake, BIG U Promises Lower Manhattan Upped Coastal Protection\",\"datePublished\":\"2014-08-07T14:34:22+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2014-08-07T14:36:45+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/2014\\\/08\\\/07\\\/in-sandys-wake-big-u-promises-lower-manhattan-upped-coastal-protection\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1676,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/2014\\\/08\\\/07\\\/in-sandys-wake-big-u-promises-lower-manhattan-upped-coastal-protection\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/files\\\/2014\\\/08\\\/8139657077_bfce5f6c04_z-300x199.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Adaptation & Resilience\",\"HUD\",\"Municipal Activity\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/2014\\\/08\\\/07\\\/in-sandys-wake-big-u-promises-lower-manhattan-upped-coastal-protection\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/2014\\\/08\\\/07\\\/in-sandys-wake-big-u-promises-lower-manhattan-upped-coastal-protection\\\/\",\"name\":\"In Sandy\u2019s Wake, BIG U Promises Lower Manhattan Upped Coastal Protection - Climate Law Blog\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/2014\\\/08\\\/07\\\/in-sandys-wake-big-u-promises-lower-manhattan-upped-coastal-protection\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/2014\\\/08\\\/07\\\/in-sandys-wake-big-u-promises-lower-manhattan-upped-coastal-protection\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/files\\\/2014\\\/08\\\/8139657077_bfce5f6c04_z-300x199.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2014-08-07T14:34:22+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2014-08-07T14:36:45+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/2014\\\/08\\\/07\\\/in-sandys-wake-big-u-promises-lower-manhattan-upped-coastal-protection\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/2014\\\/08\\\/07\\\/in-sandys-wake-big-u-promises-lower-manhattan-upped-coastal-protection\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/2014\\\/08\\\/07\\\/in-sandys-wake-big-u-promises-lower-manhattan-upped-coastal-protection\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/files\\\/2014\\\/08\\\/8139657077_bfce5f6c04_z.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/files\\\/2014\\\/08\\\/8139657077_bfce5f6c04_z.jpg\",\"width\":640,\"height\":425},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/2014\\\/08\\\/07\\\/in-sandys-wake-big-u-promises-lower-manhattan-upped-coastal-protection\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"In Sandy\u2019s Wake, BIG U Promises Lower Manhattan Upped Coastal Protection\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/\",\"name\":\"Climate Law Blog\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Sabin Center for Climate Change Law\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/files\\\/2023\\\/02\\\/21-SabinBlog_Banner-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/files\\\/2023\\\/02\\\/21-SabinBlog_Banner-1.png\",\"width\":2752,\"height\":260,\"caption\":\"Sabin Center for Climate Change Law\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/sabincenter\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/d807a780f948d4432f48f9870922570e\",\"name\":\"Akiko Shimizu\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\\\/climatechange\\\/author\\\/ashimizu\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"In Sandy\u2019s Wake, BIG U Promises Lower Manhattan Upped Coastal Protection - Climate Law Blog","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/2014\/08\/07\/in-sandys-wake-big-u-promises-lower-manhattan-upped-coastal-protection\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"In Sandy\u2019s Wake, BIG U Promises Lower Manhattan Upped Coastal Protection - Climate Law Blog","og_description":"By Isabelle Aubrun, CCCL Intern (Brown University) In 2013, President Obama\u2019s Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Task Force devised the Rebuild by Design Competition.\u00a0 Applicants were to design a \u201cfundable and implementable\u201d infrastructure project to mitigate the dangers of rising sea levels and increasingly frequent extreme weather events in New York and New Jersey coastal regions.\u00a0 In […]","og_url":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/2014\/08\/07\/in-sandys-wake-big-u-promises-lower-manhattan-upped-coastal-protection\/","og_site_name":"Climate Law Blog","article_published_time":"2014-08-07T14:34:22+00:00","article_modified_time":"2014-08-07T14:36:45+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/files\/2014\/08\/8139657077_bfce5f6c04_z-300x199.jpg","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"author":"Akiko Shimizu","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@sabincenter","twitter_site":"@sabincenter","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Akiko Shimizu","Est. reading time":"8 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/2014\/08\/07\/in-sandys-wake-big-u-promises-lower-manhattan-upped-coastal-protection\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/2014\/08\/07\/in-sandys-wake-big-u-promises-lower-manhattan-upped-coastal-protection\/"},"author":{"name":"Akiko Shimizu","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/#\/schema\/person\/d807a780f948d4432f48f9870922570e"},"headline":"In Sandy\u2019s Wake, BIG U Promises Lower Manhattan Upped Coastal Protection","datePublished":"2014-08-07T14:34:22+00:00","dateModified":"2014-08-07T14:36:45+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/2014\/08\/07\/in-sandys-wake-big-u-promises-lower-manhattan-upped-coastal-protection\/"},"wordCount":1676,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/2014\/08\/07\/in-sandys-wake-big-u-promises-lower-manhattan-upped-coastal-protection\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/files\/2014\/08\/8139657077_bfce5f6c04_z-300x199.jpg","articleSection":["Adaptation & Resilience","HUD","Municipal Activity"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/2014\/08\/07\/in-sandys-wake-big-u-promises-lower-manhattan-upped-coastal-protection\/","url":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/2014\/08\/07\/in-sandys-wake-big-u-promises-lower-manhattan-upped-coastal-protection\/","name":"In Sandy\u2019s Wake, BIG U Promises Lower Manhattan Upped Coastal Protection - Climate Law Blog","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/2014\/08\/07\/in-sandys-wake-big-u-promises-lower-manhattan-upped-coastal-protection\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/2014\/08\/07\/in-sandys-wake-big-u-promises-lower-manhattan-upped-coastal-protection\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/files\/2014\/08\/8139657077_bfce5f6c04_z-300x199.jpg","datePublished":"2014-08-07T14:34:22+00:00","dateModified":"2014-08-07T14:36:45+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/2014\/08\/07\/in-sandys-wake-big-u-promises-lower-manhattan-upped-coastal-protection\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/2014\/08\/07\/in-sandys-wake-big-u-promises-lower-manhattan-upped-coastal-protection\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/2014\/08\/07\/in-sandys-wake-big-u-promises-lower-manhattan-upped-coastal-protection\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/files\/2014\/08\/8139657077_bfce5f6c04_z.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/files\/2014\/08\/8139657077_bfce5f6c04_z.jpg","width":640,"height":425},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/2014\/08\/07\/in-sandys-wake-big-u-promises-lower-manhattan-upped-coastal-protection\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"In Sandy\u2019s Wake, BIG U Promises Lower Manhattan Upped Coastal Protection"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/#website","url":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/","name":"Climate Law Blog","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/#organization","name":"Sabin Center for Climate Change Law","url":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/files\/2023\/02\/21-SabinBlog_Banner-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/files\/2023\/02\/21-SabinBlog_Banner-1.png","width":2752,"height":260,"caption":"Sabin Center for Climate Change Law"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/x.com\/sabincenter"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/#\/schema\/person\/d807a780f948d4432f48f9870922570e","name":"Akiko Shimizu","url":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/author\/ashimizu\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2727","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1327"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2727"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2727\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2727"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2727"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2727"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}