{"id":26799,"date":"2025-08-29T07:58:12","date_gmt":"2025-08-29T12:58:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/?p=26799"},"modified":"2025-09-05T11:15:14","modified_gmt":"2025-09-05T16:15:14","slug":"the-endangerment-finding-the-local-perspective-matters-right-now-template-comment-letter-linked","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/2025\/08\/29\/the-endangerment-finding-the-local-perspective-matters-right-now-template-comment-letter-linked\/","title":{"rendered":"The Endangerment Finding: The Local Perspective Matters Right Now (Template Comment Letter Linked)"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

[Here and at the end of this post, a template comment letter is linked<\/a> <\/em>for local governments to adapt for their own comments in the Endangerment Finding rule making process.]<\/strong><\/p>\n

On August 1, 2025, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published its proposed repeal of the \u201cEndangerment Finding,\u201d<\/a> the scientific and legal predicate for federal rules to limit greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from vehicles and other sources. The proposed action was billed as \u201cthe largest deregulatory action in the history of the United States<\/a>,\u201d an unverifiable but nonetheless directionally accurate statement. If EPA is successful in fully repealing the Endangerment Finding \u2013 something we will not know until the proposal is finalized and likely years of litigation play out \u2013 future administrations will face considerable barriers to regulating GHG emissions, if they can regulate at all. The EPA also proposes to repeal all GHG emissions standards for new motor vehicles\u2014an action that would, on its own, have devasting climate consequences given that the transportation sector is the leading source of GHG emissions in the U.S. today<\/a>.<\/p>\n

EPA\u2019s proposals to repeal the Endangerment Finding and the vehicle GHG standards it supports are currently in the administrative rulemaking phase. The rulemaking remains open for public comment through September 22, 2025<\/em><\/strong>, and anyone \u2013 cities, local elected officials, community groups and individual residents \u2013 may submit comment letters<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Participating in the public comment process has three potential benefits. First<\/em>, public comments can inform EPA\u2019s thinking as it finalizes its rulemaking, influencing revisions to its proposal. In this rulemaking, EPA seems determined to repeal the Endangerment Finding, and local leaders may not be the right stakeholders to convince the agency otherwise. But commenting can still have an impact. Indeed, the second<\/em> benefit is that public comment letters help build the administrative record, which can then be drawn from by attorneys in the litigation that is sure to follow conclusion of the rulemaking. This is where the local perspective can be particularly useful: when cities, local officials, and community groups share the public health impacts, costs to adapt and respond to extreme weather, and their reliance on federal regulation to bolster their own climate and clean energy goals, groups challenging any eventual repeal of the Endangerment Finding or of the motor vehicles regulations can draw on those submissions to build their cases. And third<\/em>, submitting a comment letter can be a communications opportunity, a chance for cities to express public support for robust GHG regulations.<\/p>\n

This blog post is designed to help local leaders navigate the proposed repeal of the Endangerment Finding and the related GHG standards for motor vehicles. It explains what the Endangerment Finding is, what EPA has proposed, and what\u2019s at stake for local governments and communities if EPA moves forward.<\/p>\n

The Endangerment Finding, Explained<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

In 2009, the EPA made a formal determination<\/a> that six greenhouse gases \u2013 carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) \u2013 in combination \u201cmay reasonably be anticipated to endanger the public health and welfare of current and future generations.\u201d Referred to as the \u201cEndangerment Finding,\u201d the determination was based on extensive scientific evidence, and followed a 2009 Supreme Court decision in Massachusetts v. EPA<\/em><\/a>, which held that GHGs fall within the definition of air pollution under the Clean Air Act, and thus could be regulated if an Endangerment Finding was made.<\/p>\n

EPA\u2019s Endangerment Finding had immediate legal consequence. Under Section 202 of the Clean Air Act<\/a>, the EPA Administrator is required to promulgate and periodically update regulations \u201capplicable to the emission of any air pollutant from any class or classes of new motor vehicles or new motor vehicle engines, which in his judgment cause, or contribute to, air pollution which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare.\u201d The EPA began regulating vehicles for model years starting in 2012<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The Endangerment Finding was later used as the scientific basis for greenhouse gas regulations for power plants<\/a> and oil and gas wells<\/a>, both under Section 111 of the Clean Air Act. While the legal mechanics differ for these two regulations, without the Endangerment Finding, EPA would lack the scientific underpinning for them. (It is worth noting that each of these regulations are the subject to their own ongoing repeal processes<\/a> or efforts to delay compliance<\/a>).<\/p>\n

The Endangerment Finding is the basis for all federal limits on GHG emissions from any source<\/em>. Without it, EPA cannot regulate GHG emissions from motor vehicles<\/a> or from power plants, which together account for over 47 percent of all GHG emissions in the United States<\/a>, and for much higher percentages in GHG emissions in many cities. GHG limits on these facilities have prevented and stand to prevent billions of tons of emissions<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The Endangerment Finding is more fundamental than the regulations it supports; GHG regulations have gone through successive rulemakings during each of the Obama, first Trump, and Biden administrations seeking to augment or weaken them based on administration priorities. A repeal of the Endangerment Finding, by contrast, would hinder EPA\u2019s ability to regulate GHGs for years to come.<\/p>\n

EPA\u2019s Proposed Arguments<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>EPA\u2019s rollback proposal can be thought of in three broad strokes. First, EPA proposes that its regulatory authority extends only to pollutants \u201cfor which the air pollution itself, through local or regional exposure to humans and the environment, endangers public health or welfare,\u201d not to emissions like GHGs that operate on a global scale. Therefore, per EPA\u2019s reasoning, the Endangerment Finding should never have been made. Both the text of the Clean Air Act and rulings from the Supreme Court contradict EPA\u2019s assertions.<\/p>\n

Second, EPA proposes that, even if it is authorized to regulate GHG emissions, scientific and judicial developments since 2009 \u201ccast significant doubt on the reliability of\u201d the Endangerment Finding. Of course, the science supporting a determination that GHG-induced climate change is dangerous to human health and welfare has only become more certain since then<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Third and finally, even if the Endangerment Finding stands, the agency argues that regulating GHG emissions from new U.S. motor vehicles would be \u201cfutile\u201d as compared to the global problem of climate change. This is difficult to justify given that the United States is the largest historical emitter of GHGs, and that motor vehicles account for over 22 percent of all annual U.S. emissions<\/a>. Essentially, EPA seems to argue, if it can\u2019t fix the entire problem of climate change, it shouldn\u2019t have to try.<\/p>\n

The Local Perspective Matters Now<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Local governments and elected officials are well-positioned to challenge EPA\u2019s erroneous arguments by providing firsthand accounts and evidence of the impacts of GHG-induced climate change. Local leaders may not be climate scientists, but they are experts in how GHGs have contributed to dangerous extreme weather events, negative health outcomes, and destruction of critical infrastructure in their communities. They also can attest to the adaptation and disaster response costs their cities incur. The sky-high costs and other catastrophic consequences cities are already experiencing belie EPA\u2019s assertions that GHGs from motor vehicles are not worth regulating. They also demonstrate that impacts from GHG-caused climate change are very much felt at the local level, even if GHG pollution is global in scale.<\/p>\n

Local testimony is crucial for building the administrative record in this rulemaking. Under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), courts reviewing agency actions are largely limited to the record the agency compiles in its rulemaking. The APA requires EPA to consider all comments submitted (whether orally or in writing) in the Endangerment Finding rulemaking alongside other materials to reach a reasoned conclusion. If it fails to do so, plaintiffs can sue to challenge the final decision by pointing to relevant evidence, comments, or data that EPA ignored or only selectively considered.<\/p>\n

To put it another way, if a local government or elected official doesn\u2019t <\/em>submit a comment to say what\u2019s at stake in the Endangerment Finding rulemaking, challengers in court likely can\u2019t use that information<\/em>. Local governments have a wealth of data to share with EPA and with eventual challengers to EPA\u2019s final rule: infrastructure damage that has been caused by storms or other extreme weather; incidences of health disparities or mortality due to air pollution or climate events; jobs and productivity losses due to extreme weather, and detail on the costs that have been or will be incurred to adapt and respond to the effects of GHG pollution.<\/p>\n

Drafting a Comment Letter<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Stakeholders \u2013 including local governments, elected officials, businesses, community groups, and residents \u2013 may upload written comment letters to the docket for the Endangerment Finding rulemaking<\/a> on or before September 22, 2025. Comment letters should clearly state the rulemaking\u2019s docket number, which is EPA-HQ-OAR-2025-0194-0093. While online submittal is recommended by the agency, mail-in options are also provided on the docket page. A template for local government comments developed by the Sabin Center is available here<\/a><\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

—<\/p>\n

The proposed repeal of the Endangerment Finding and associated vehicle GHG standards represents a profound threat to federal climate protections and to the ability of local governments to safeguard public health and welfare. Cities and communities already bear the brunt of climate-related harms \u2013 from extreme weather and infrastructure damage to health risks and economic costs \u2013 and they rely on robust federal regulation to prevent further harm.<\/p>\n

Local leaders have an opportunity to participate in the public comment process. By submitting firsthand accounts, they can ensure that EPA understands the real-world impacts of GHG pollution in their communities, build a strong administrative record for future legal challenges, and publicly affirm their commitment to the protection of public health and welfare.<\/p>\n

The stakes are high: the Endangerment Finding underpins every federal regulation limiting GHG emissions. Its repeal would not only roll back existing protections but would make it far more difficult for future administrations to act. For cities, residents, and local governments, participating in this rulemaking is essential to defending the climate, public health, and the well-being of communities nationwide.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[Here and at the end of this post, a template comment letter is linked for local governments to adapt for their own comments in the Endangerment Finding rule making process.] On August 1, 2025, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published its proposed repeal of the \u201cEndangerment Finding,\u201d the scientific and legal predicate for federal 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