{"id":2623,"date":"2014-06-19T09:53:31","date_gmt":"2014-06-19T14:53:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/?p=2623"},"modified":"2014-06-19T09:53:31","modified_gmt":"2014-06-19T14:53:31","slug":"alaska-district-court-considers-reverse-environmental-impact-in-issuance-of-section-404-permit","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/2014\/06\/19\/alaska-district-court-considers-reverse-environmental-impact-in-issuance-of-section-404-permit\/","title":{"rendered":"Alaska District Court Considers \u201cReverse Environmental Impact\u201d in Issuance of Section 404 Permit"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div><p><em>By Ellii Cho, Summer Legal Intern<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/files\/2014\/06\/anchorage-71798_640.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-2624 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/files\/2014\/06\/anchorage-71798_640-300x192.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"192\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/files\/2014\/06\/anchorage-71798_640-300x192.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/files\/2014\/06\/anchorage-71798_640.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>The National Environmental Policy Act of 1970 (NEPA) requires federal agencies to prepare environmental impact statements (EISs) for all \u201cmajor Federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment.\u201d[1] This includes the issuance of federal permits. Even after an EIS is completed and a proposed project has been implemented, the acting agency may need to further prepare a supplemental environmental impact statement (SEIS) if there are substantial changes to the proposed project or if there is significant new information relevant to environmental concerns.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>The U.S. District Court for the District of Alaska recently encountered an important emerging question: whether EISs should look at how changes in the environment might affect a proposed project in addition to the usual course of evaluating the potential effects the project might have on the environment. In <em>Kunaknana v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers<\/em>,[2] decided on May 27, 2014, plaintiffs challenged the Corps\u2019 issuance of a section 404 permit of the Clean Water Act allowing an oil company\u2019s drilling activity. The dispute stems from the Corps\u2019 reliance on a 2004 EIS in considering the oil company\u2019s permit application submitted five years later in 2009. Plaintiffs claimed that the Corps failed to consider and examine post-2004 information concerning climate change that could affect the proposed project, and that it did so without providing a reasoned explanation. Specifically, plaintiffs contended that scientific research and understanding of climate impacts on the drilling project since 2004 constituted significant new information concerning environmental impacts and thus, necessitated an SEIS. These climate impacts included, among others, a shorter ice road season, the result of which would be significant disruptions in the transportation of oil.<\/p>\n<p>Although the District Court did not directly answer the question of whether an SEIS was necessary in evaluating changes in the environment due to climate change and its effects on the project, it nevertheless held that \u201cthe Corps\u2019 determination that [an SEIS] was unnecessary was arbitrary and capricious.\u201d[3] The court also ordered further briefing from the parties in order to determine whether, and to what extent, the Corps should evaluate post-2004 climate change information. <em>Kunaknana <\/em>is important because it demonstrates a federal court\u2019s willingness to consider emerging scientific understanding of the impacts of climate change on proposed projects in NEPA analyses and governmental decision-making. This reflects the emerging trend of incorporating into EISs an analysis of the effects of climate change on projects. Professor Michael Gerrard has articulated the trend and coined the phrase \u201creverse environmental impact analysis\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.columbia.edu\/null\/download?&amp;exclusive=filemgr.download&amp;file_id=61833\">here<\/a>. The Council on Environmental Quality, created by NEPA, is also in the process of finalizing the 2010 <a href=\"https:\/\/ceq.hss.doe.gov\/nepa\/regs\/Consideration_of_Effects_of_GHG_Draft_NEPA_Guidance_FINAL_02182010.pdf\">Draft NEPA Guidance on Consideration of the Effects of Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Emissions<\/a>, which provides some guidelines for assessing reverse environmental impacts in NEPA analyses.<\/p>\n<p>The <em>Kunaknana<\/em> court also offered an interesting aside in regard to standing and climate change impacts. The defendant oil company had asserted that Kunaknana lacked Article III standing. It relied on <em>Wildearth Guardians v. Salazar<\/em>[4] in which plaintiffs asserted that greenhouse gas emissions from the coal mining on federal lands allowed by defendant would negatively impact their recreational, aesthetic, and economic interests in the property. The <em>Wildearth <\/em>court concluded that plaintiffs lacked standing because the causal link between the plaintiffs\u2019 localized property interests and the diffuse and unpredictable effects of greenhouse gas emissions was too attenuated. In a footnote, the <em>Kunaknana<\/em> court rejected the defendant\u2019s argument and found that unlike in <em>Wildearth<\/em>, the Kunaknana plaintiffs had standing to pursue their climate change claim. The court distinguished the injury asserted in <em>Wildearth <\/em>from this case and maintained that Kunaknana\u2019s assertion that the Corps failed to engage in a reverse environmental impact analysis concerning new climate change knowledge constituted a particularized injury. This suggests that future plaintiffs seeking reverse environmental impact analyses under NEPA are likely to satisfy the injury requirement under Article III standing.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[1] 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 4332(C).<\/p>\n<p>[2] <em>Kunaknana v. U.S. Army Corps Engineers<\/em>, 2014 WL 2207707 (D. Alaska, May 27, 2014).<\/p>\n<p>[3] <em>Id.<\/em> at *20.<\/p>\n<p>[4] <em>Wildearth Guardians v. Salazar<\/em>, 880 F.Supp.2d 77 (D.D.C. 2012).<\/p>\n<p><em>image from:\u00a0https:\/\/bit.ly\/1rbL0vo<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Ellii Cho, Summer Legal Intern The National Environmental Policy Act of 1970 (NEPA) requires federal agencies to prepare environmental impact statements (EISs) for all \u201cmajor Federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment.\u201d[1] This includes the issuance of federal permits. Even after an EIS is completed and a proposed project has been [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1327,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5673,9411,5676],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-2623","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-litigation","7":"category-environmental-impact-review","8":"category-nepa","9":"czr-hentry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Alaska District Court Considers \u201cReverse Environmental Impact\u201d in Issuance of Section 404 Permit - Climate Law Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/2014\/06\/19\/alaska-district-court-considers-reverse-environmental-impact-in-issuance-of-section-404-permit\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Alaska District Court Considers \u201cReverse Environmental Impact\u201d in Issuance of Section 404 Permit - Climate Law Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By Ellii Cho, Summer Legal Intern The National Environmental Policy Act of 1970 (NEPA) requires federal agencies to prepare environmental impact statements (EISs) for all \u201cmajor Federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment.\u201d[1] This includes the issuance of federal permits. 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